Feed Additive Vitamin d3 Crystal Vitamin d3 powder is a derivative of steroids and a general term for compounds with similar structures that have the ability to promote normal bone growth and maintenance. At present, it is known that there are at least ten sterol substances with vitamin D activity, of which only two are more important, known as pre vitamin D. One is ergosterol, also known as calciferol or ergocalciferol, which is produced by sunlight or ultraviolet radiation from plant oil or Yeast. Another is 7-dehydrosterol, which exists in the skin and is converted into vitamin D3 under light, also known as cholecalciferol. The structures of D2 and D3 are very similar, both of which are B-ring opening derivatives of precursor sterols. The difference between the two is that there is an additional double bond and a methyl group on the side chain of vitamin D2.
Vitamin D2 and D3 are colorless crystals, with corresponding m.p. values of 115-118 ℃ and 84-85 ℃. They are insoluble in water and easily soluble in ethanol and other organic solvents. They have relatively low solubility in vegetable oil. Crystal vitamin D is stored in a dark, oxygen free environment and at low temperatures. Vitamin D3 is more stable than D2 and is less prone to oxidation. Vitamin D is thermally stable in near neutral solutions. In acidic solutions, it will rapidly destroy, and the rate of destruction depends on the strength and temperature of the acid. But it is stable in alkaline solution and can withstand strong alkaline treatment even under high temperature conditions.
Vitamin D3 is sensitive to light and can be destroyed by minerals and oxidation. However, after esterification, vitamin D3 is also coated with gelatin, sugar, and starch, resulting in good stability. The activity of vitamin D3 is also expressed in units (IU), and the amount of crystalline vitamin D3 contained in 1 IU is 0.025 μ G. The active ingredient content of industrial synthesized vitamin D3 additives is mostly 500000 IU/g or 200000 IU/g. Among the vitamin additive products, there are also additives that mix vitamin A and vitamin D3, and their activity is usually 1 gram of additives containing 500000 IU of vitamin A and 100000 IU of vitamin D3. The two have no antagonistic effect, making their production and use very convenient. Vitamin D can increase the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, prevent rickets in pigs, and promote tooth and bone development. The amount of vitamin D added to pigs in feed is 125-200IU/kg, and the requirements for piglets are higher than those for growing pigs. The requirements for breeding pigs and growing pigs are similar.
Functional plant derived ergosterol and animal derived 7-dehydrocholesterol are passively absorbed and converted into vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 under ultraviolet light irradiation, respectively. These two types of vitamin D must undergo further chemical changes before the body can utilize them. 7-dehydrocholesterol first forms a 25-hydroxy derivative in the liver, and then undergoes further hydroxylation to produce the active ingredient 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25 (OH) 2D5]. The main function of vitamin D is to promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestine, regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and maintain the balance of calcium and phosphorus in the body. The calcium absorbed from the intestine is transported by the blood circulation through the liver and kidneys to bone and other calcified tissues, and then transferred from bone to kidney for excretion. This transport mechanism is controlled by vitamin D. When the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in the body decreases, vitamin D can dissociate calcium from the bone. In addition, vitamin D can also control the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus in the renal tubules of the kidneys.
Vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 have the same effect on mammalian cows and pigs. But the activity of vitamin D3 in poultry (birds) is ten times stronger than that of vitamin D2.
Vitamin D deficiency can reduce the absorption of calcium in the intestine, leading to the breakdown of bone calcium and phosphorus. Young livestock may develop osteomalacia, while adult animals are prone to osteoporosis. Lack of vitamin D can also lead to deformation of animal sternum and spine, as well as laying soft shell eggs in laying hens. Due to vitamin D controlling the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, excessive vitamin D in the diet can cause excessive blood calcium, causing excess calcium to deposit in the heart, blood vessels, joints, pericardium, or intestinal wall, leading to heart failure, joint stiffness, or intestinal diseases
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